2.3 MAPS

What are we going to learn?

• Different types of maps. 
• To identify and interpret the key and the scale on a map. 
• To follow directions and locations on a map.

THE LANGUAGE OF MAPS

Absolute Location: describes the exact position of a point, often using latitude and longitude. “Kenya’s latitude and longitude is 1° 00′ N and 38° 00′ E; that is 1° north of the equator, and 38° east of the prime meridian.”
Relative Location: finds the location of a place using other surrounding places, or by using cardinal directions. “Kenya is south of Ethiopia, north of Tanzania, east of Uganda, and west of Somalia and the Indian Ocean.”
Cardinal directions: The four cardinal points are north, south, east, and west.
Intermediate directions: The points that fall between the cardinal directions: Northeast (NE), southeast (SE), southwest (SW), and northwest (NW)
Compass rose: A figure on maps to display the orientation of the cardinal directions.
Coordinates: A set of values that show an exact position, for example how many degrees east of west of the prime meridian, and north or south of the equator.
Map key or legend: Usually in a corner of the map, the “key” or “legend” is a small table of symbols that is used on the map, with their explanations.
Scale: it shows the relationship between the distances on the map and the actual distances on the Earth.

Physical maps: The purpose of physical maps is to show geography of land types, bodies of water, and landforms such as deserts, mountains, and arctic regions.
Political maps: The purpose of political maps is to show territorial borders, major cities, and capitals.

PHYSICAL MAPS

Earth's surface is shaped in many ways. These different shapes are called landforms. Mountains, valleys, plateaus, and plains are all examples of Earth's landforms. This diagram shows some of the landforms and bodies of water on Earth.

• Which landform is the highest? 
• Which landforms are flat? 
• Which are bodies of water? 
• Can you name other landforms that you don’t see on this drawing?
• Which of these landforms are near our hometown?

LANDFORMS

POLITICAL MAPS

Political maps show countries, their borders and capital cities.

Learn the name of the countries HERE
And now, PLAY!

WEATHER MAPS

• Word game
• Listen to the weather news

2.2. Cartography

Geographic coordinates

PARALLELS are circular lines that go around the Earth from east to west.

MERIDIANS are circular lines that go from north to south and pass through the poles. The Prime Meridian, also called the Greenwich Meridian, divides Earth into the eastern hemisphere and the western hemisphere.

Listen to this SONG about maps:

Answer in your notebook:

• What is latitude?
• What is longitude?

UNIT 2: REPRESENTING THE EARTH

2.1 The spheres of the Earth

1. The atmosphere

2. The biosphere
With the prefix 'life,' this means that Earth's biosphere is composed of all the living organisms on the planet. This includes plants, animals, bacteria, fungi and single-celled organisms found on Earth. Most of this life exists no deeper than about 10 feet into the ground or about 600 feet above it.

3. The geosphere

Since 'geo' means 'ground,' the geosphere describes all the rocks, minerals and ground that are found on and in Earth. This includes all mountains on the surface, as well as all the liquid rock in the mantle below us and the minerals and metals of the outer and inner cores. The continents, the ocean floor, the rocks on the surface, and the sand in the deserts are considered part of the geosphere. 

4. The hydrosphere

Knowing that 'hydro' means 'water,' you may have guessed that the hydrosphere is made up of all the water on Earth. This includes all rivers, lakes, streams, oceans, groundwater, polar ice caps, glaciers and moisture in the air (like rain and snow). The hydrosphere is found on the surface of Earth, but also extends down several miles below, as well as several miles up into the atmosphere.

Most of Earth's water is salty as in the oceans - about 97%. Two-thirds of the remaining 3% is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps. Only 1% of the hydrosphere is liquid freshwater, and even most of this exists as groundwater down in the soil.

The Scientific Method

When you learn the scientific method, you are actually learning how to learn. This is the method scientists and researchers use to study the world around them.

1.4. Classification of living things

PLANT KINGDOM

Plants are multicellular. They make their own food through a process called photosynthesis. During photosynthesis, plants absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen.

PROTIST KINGDOM

Protists are usually unicellular, but some are multicellular. Most protist are found in water like amoebas or algae.

MONERA KINGDOM

All organisms in this kingdom are unicellular. Bacteria belong to this kingdom.

ANIMAL KINGDOM

Animals are multicellular. They can't make their own food, so they get the energy they need to survive by feeding on other living things.

FUNGUS KINGDOM

Fungi can be unicellular or multicellular. Fungi can't make their own food, they obtain the nutrients they need from the remains of dead plants and animals.

• SUMMARY OF THE UNIT!

1.4 Eclipses

An eclipse occurs when a celestial body moves into the shadow of another. They can be solar or lunar.

1.3 The Earth

WHAT are we going to learn?

• The shape, appearance and composition of the Earth.
• The Earth's movements.
• Why we have day and night and four seasons.

The Earth song 

Day and night cycle

Day and night vary in length according to the season and your distance from the Equator. At the Equator, day and night are approximately the same length all year round. At the Poles the effect is extreme. In Summer you experience the midnight sun while in Winter the polar night lasts 24 hours.

Why do we have seasons?

It takes the Earth just 365 days to orbit the Sun. During this period we experience different seasons because the Earth's axis is tilted. As a result, our part of the planet receives more or less light during different months.

Solstices and equinoxes

The day that the Earth's North Pole is tilted closest to the sun is called the summer solstice. This is the longest day of the year for people living in the northern hemisphere. 

The winter solstice, or the shortest day of the year, happens when the Earth's North Pole is tilted farthest from the Sun.

In between, there are two times when the tilt of the Earth is zero, meaning that the tilt is neither away from the Sun nor toward the Sun. These are the vernal equinox — the first day of spring — and the autumnal equinox – the first day of fall. Equinox means "equal." During these times, the hours of daylight and night are equal. Both are 12 hours long. 

Stephen Hawking

Scientist Stephen Hawking 

Stephen Hawking (born January 8, 1942) is a British scientist, professor and author who has done groundbreaking work in physics and cosmology whose books have helped to make science accessible to everyone. At age 21, while studying cosmology at the University of Cambridge, he was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Part of his life story was depicted in the 2014 film The Theory of Everything.

Books
Over the years, Stephen Hawking has written or co-written a total of 15 books. They include:'A Brief History of Time' In 1988 Hawking catapulted to international prominence with the publication of A Brief History of Time. The short, informative book became an account of cosmology for the masses and offered an overview of space and time, the existence of God and the future. The work was an instant success, spending more than four years atop the London Sunday Times' best-seller list. Since its publication, it has sold millions of copies worldwide and been translated into more than 40 languages. ‘The Universe in a Nutshell’ A Brief History of Time also wasn't as easy to understand as some had hoped. So in 2001, Hawking followed up his book with The Universe in a Nutshell, which offered a more illustrated guide to cosmology's big theories. 

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Robert Hooke

Alberto did a great presentation about Robert Hooke. Thank you Alberto! Good job!

1.2. THE MOON

The moon is four times smaller than the Earth. It rotates on its axis and revolves around the Earth. It takes it 28 days to complete a revolution and the same time to complete one rotation.
There is no air or atmosphere on the Moon. The Moon's surface is rocky and has craters and mountains.
We see the Moon because it reflects sunlight. We can only see the illuminated part that faces the Earth, that's why we see different shapes: the phases of the Moon.

MOON SONG

The Earth’s Moon orbits all around us It reflects the light from the sun These are the phases of the Moon When the Moon is in between The Earth and the Sun It’s a New Moon phase And it looks like it’s gone When the Earth is in between The Sun and the Moon It’s a Full Moon phase And it looks like a balloon The Moon goes through eight different phases The Moon looks different, but it never really changes It depends on the position of the Earth, Moon and Sun Come on everybody make the lunar cycle fun New Moon, Waxing Crescent, First Quarter, Waxing Gibbous Full Moon, Waning Gibbous, Last Quarter, Waning Crescent

Try this at home!

1.3. Levels of organization of the human body

Would you like to try THIS at home?